Antibacterial and Antiplasmodial Activities of Tannins Extracted from Zizyphus mauritiana in Mali

Aim: This study was designed to evaluate tannins extracted from Ziziphus mauritiana as source of potential antimalarial and antimicrobial agents in Mali.Place and Duration of Study: Collection of plant materials, tannins extraction, antibacterial activity evaluation were done at University od Sciences, Techniques and Technologies of Bamako, Mali and antiplasmodial activity assessment at Department of Microbiology and Immunology, WeillCornell Medicine, New York, United States of America between September 2013 and February 2014Methods: We extracted tannins from leaves of Z. mauritiana collectedaround Bamako, Mali. Antiplasmodialactivity was evaluated against 3D7 (chloroquine-sensitive) and Dd2 (chloroquine-resistant) strains of Plasmodium falciparumusing the fluorescence based SYBR® green I method. Antibacterial activity of tannins was evaluated by disc diffusion method againststrains of Escherichia coli, Salmonella Typhi, Streptococcus andStaphylococcus aureus donated by the National Research Institute in Public Health in Mali and collected from infected patients suffering from different diseases.Results: Tannins extracts from leaves of Z. mauritiana showed moderate antiplasmodial activity against 3D7 P. falciparum (46.9±1.12 ?g/mL) and against Dd2 P. falciparum strains (67.8±2.39?g/mL). They showed also an antibacterial activity on different bacterial strains showing important inhibition zones. Conclusion: Tannins extractedfrom Z. mauritiana demonstrated good antiplasmodial and antibacterial activities.These data confirm the potential use of tannins as a key element in antimalarial and antibacterial drug development.

Inhibitory activities of extracts of Rumex dentatus, Commelina benghalensis, Ajuga bracteosa, Ziziphus mauritiana as well as their compounds of gallic acid and emodin against dengue virus

Objective: To investigate the inhibitory effects against dengue virus serotype 2 (DENV-2) by five different fractions (extracted by methanol, ethanol, benzene, chloroform and n-hexane) of Rumex dentatus, Commelina benghalensis, Ajuga bracteosa and Ziziphus mauritiana, as well as their constituents (gallic acid, emodin, and isovanillic acid). Methods: All the samples were tested for cytotoxicity on baby hamster kidney cells by MTT assay and for anti-DENV-2 activity by plaque reduction neutralization assay using two DENV-2 doses (45 and 90 plaque- forming units or PFU). Results: All the samples except isovanillic acid exhibited significant prophylactic effects against DENV-2 infectivity (without cytotoxicity) when administered to cells before infection, but were not effective when given 6 h post-infection. The methanol extract of Rumex dentatus demonstrated the highest antiviral efficacy by inhibiting DENV-2 replication, with IC

Inhibitory activities of extracts of Rumex dentatus, Commelina benghalensis, Ajuga bracteosa, Ziziphus mauritiana as well as their compounds of gallic acid and emodin against dengue virus

Objective:To investigate the inhibitory effects against dengue virus serotype 2 (DENV-2) by five different fractions (extracted by methanol, ethanol, benzene, chloroform and n-hexane) of Rumex dentatus, Commelina benghalensis, Ajuga bracteosa and Ziziphus mauritiana, as well as their constituents (gallic acid, emodin, and isovanillic acid).Methods:All the samples were tested for cytotoxicity on baby hamster kidney cells by MTT assay and for anti-DENV-2 activity by plaque reduction neutralization assay using two DENV-2 doses (45 and 90 plaque- forming units or PFU).Results:All the samples except isovanillic acid exhibited significant prophylactic effects against DENV-2 infectivity (without cytotoxicity) when administered to cells before infection, but were not effective when given 6 h post-infection. The methanol extract of Rumex dentatus demonstrated the highest antiviral efficacy by inhibiting DENV-2 replication, with ICConclusions:The highly potent activities of the extracts and constituent compounds of these plants against DENV-2 infectivity highlight their potential as targets for further research to identify novel antiviral agents against dengue.

Phytochemical and biological investigations of methanol extract of leaves of ziziphus mauritiana lam / Investigaciones fitoquímicas y biológicas de extractos metanólicos de hojas de ziziphus mauritiana lam

Seven compounds were isolated from the methanol extract of leaves of Ziziphus mauritiana. The structures of the isolated compounds were elucidated as y-fagarine (1), beta-sitosterol (2), stigmasterol (3), alfa-amyrin (4), lupeol (5), beta-amyrin (6) and betulin (7) by extensive spectroscopic studies and by co-TLC with authentic samples. This is the first report of isolation of compounds 1-7 from this plant species. The extractives from leaves were investigated for thrombolytic, membrane stabilizing, antimicrobial, antidiarrheal and analgesic potentials along with sleep inducing property on animal model. The thrombolytic and membrane stabilizing activities were assessed by using human erythrocyte comparing with standard streptokinase and acetylsalicylic acid, respectively. The methanolic extract reduced frequency of diarrheal faeces when compared to the standard loperamide. In castor oil induced diarrhea in mice a dose dependent decrease of gastrointestinal transits were observed. In radiant heat tail-flick method the methanol extract showed moderate antinociceptive activity, compared to standard morphine.

Siete compuestos fueron aislados del extracto metanólico de hojas de Ziziphus mauritiana. Las estructuras de los compuestos aislados fueron identificadas como y-fagarina (1), beta-sitosterol (2), estigmasterol (3), alfa-amirina (4), lupeol (5), beta-amirina (6) y betulina (7 ) por medio de extensivos estudios espectroscópicos y por co-TLC con muestras auténticas. Este es el primer informe de aislamiento de los compuestos 1-7 a partir de esta especie vegetal. Los extractos de las hojas fueron investigados por efectos trombolíticos, estabilizadores de membrana, antimicrobianos, antidiarreicos y potenciales analgésicos junto a la propiedad de inducir sueño en el modelo animal. Las actividades trombolíticos y la estabilización de la membrana se evaluaron mediante el uso de eritrocitos humanos comparando con estreptoquinasa estándar y el ácido acetilsalicílico, respectivamente. El extracto metanólico redujo la frecuencia de las heces diarreicas en comparación con el estándar de loperamida. En la inducción por aceite de ricino de diarrea en ratones, se observó una disminución dosis dependiente de los tránsitos gastrointestinales. En el método del coletazo producido por calor radiante, el extracto metabólico mostró una actividad antinociceptiva moderada, en comparación con la morfina estándar.

Optimization of Fermentation Parameters for Ethanol Production from Ziziphus mauritiana Fruit Pulp Using Saccharomyces cerevisiae (NA33).

Total demand for ethanol due to fear of crude oil depletion and the need to mitigate global warming due to green house gas emissions is increasing year after year. The present study was undertaken to investigate optimum parameters for ethanol production from Ziziphus mauritiana by Saccharomyces cerevisiae (NA33) strain. Various parameters, yeast concentration, pH and temperature were considered. A control experiment (without Saccharomyces cerevisiae (NA33) strain) was also set up for results comparison. The optimized conditions for ethanol production were established as pH 6, temperature 30ºC and yeast concentration of 8.0g per 20g fruit pulp. Under these conditions an ethanol concentration of 63 g/L was achieved. The control vessel showed not much rate of fermentation and hence it was shown that addition of Saccharomyces cerevisiae (NA33) was necessary to increase the rate and yield.